Chlorination of toluene in the presence of light and heat followed by treatment with aqueous $NaOH$ gives:

The reaction of a mixture of two organic compounds with $Na$ in ether gives $isobutane$ as a product. The two chlorine compounds are:

Which among the following halides will generate the most stable carbocation in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

Arrange the compounds of each set in order of reactivity towards $S_{N}2$ displacement:
$(i)$ $2-Bromo-2-methylbutane$,$1-Bromopentane$,$2-Bromopentane$
$(ii)$ $1-Bromo-3-methylbutane$,$2-Bromo-2-methylbutane$,$2-Bromo-3-methylbutane$
$(iii)$ $1-Bromobutane$,$1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane$,$1-Bromo-2-methylbutane$,$1-Bromo-3-methylbutane$.

Explain the inversion of configuration in $S_{N}2$ reactions and racemization in $S_{N}1$ reactions with examples.

Consider the following reaction. Which of the following bases will give the best yield of the alkene $(II)$ as the major product?